Approximately 1.5 million women in the United States are at high-risk for developing breast cancer, based on inheritance of a germline mutation in a gene in the double strand-break (DSB) repair and cyclin-checkpoint pathways. Many are unaware of their genetic predispositions, because their family history is uninformative or unknown. Genetic testing is important for identifying mutations in these genes, but in ~75% of cases no mutation or a variant of uncertain significance will be identified, leading to ambiguous, unsatisfactory results. Identifying women at high risk prior to the onset of disease is an important challenge for personalized medicine, because disease can be prevented or treated at the earliest stage when cure is more likely. As more women are seeking genetic testing to identify their risk of breast cancer, accurate alternatives to sequencing are needed to predict the molecular phenotypic effects of mutations in genes in breast cancer-predisposing pathways. Risk classification scores based on flow variant assays (FVAs) are a new technology that can accurately identify women with heterozygous germline mutations in these pathways. In response to treatment with radiomimetic chemicals, FVAs identify decreased nuclear localization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins and decreased phosphorylation of p53 in cells that bear mutations in these genes. FVAs are rapid, inexpensive and highly reproducible and can be performed on circulating and cultured human blood cells, thus lending themselves to becoming a Next Generation, non-sequencing, standalone test for assessing cancer risks. The goal of this STTR project is to develop a, simple, rapid and inexpensive clinical test that will accurately identify those at high risk for breast cancers. Phase I hypothesis. The standalone FVA test using whole blood samples will identify those at high-risk with 95% accuracy.
Specific aim 1. Achieve risk classification score results for 99% of subjects with at least 95% accuracy on 180 subjects from well-characterized risk groups.
Specific Aim 2. Achieve risk classification score results for all subjects from Aim 1 with comparable accuracy using an automated analysis protocol and newly created commercial kit. Having demonstrated analytical validity in Phase I, MMG will demonstrate clinical utility in Phase II by calculating and validating 10-year hazard ratios for breast cancer by age decade for 1,800 women followed by up to 20 years by the NCI's Breast Cancer Family Registry. This product will be sold to clinical laboratories in collaboration with a designated good manufacturing practices facility commercial partner, initially as a laboratory developed test and then as an FDA approved test. Several factors will drive this commercialization into the $1B market cancer risk assessment market: 1. low entry and performance costs, 2. greater accuracy than sequencing, 3. application to understanding risks for ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancers, and 4. companion diagnostic for the new class of targeted chemotherapy, called ?PARP inhibitors.? The creation of simplified, commercial FVA kits will be a game changer for assessing cancer risks.
Robust predictive risk scores based on FVA analysis to identify those at increased risk for breast cancer would be a Next Generation high-throughput improvement in sensitivity and specificity, lower cost and shortened time to reporting over the current standard of cancer gene panel sequencing. Even when a mutation could not be found by sequencing, individuals with defects in the DSB repair pathway would be faithfully identified. Direct testing of the molecular phenotypes associated with genetic defects ? initiation of repair of double strand breaks in response to treatment with radiomimetic agents will circumvent the need to annotate the very frequent variants of uncertainly significance in the many genes in this pathway. The robust assays and risk scores are meant to benefit health care providers and their at-risk patients, but these tools would be of considerable use for preclinical and clinical researchers who may want to investigate the effects of exposures on increasing the risks for those with DSB repair deficiencies.
