Based on a large body of evidence, vitamin D has emerged as a potential determinant of type 2 diabetes (t2DM) risk. In longitudinal observational studies, higher vitamin D status was associated with up to 83% reduction in the risk of t2DM. However, the evidence to support vitamin D supplementation for prevention of t2DM remains inconclusive. The favorable association between vitamin D status and t2DM risk in observational studies may be confounded by a variety of factors, and long-term, well-designed and adequately powered trials are lacking. The ?Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes? (D2d) study is being funded by NIH to provide definitive conclusions regarding the role of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of t2DM. D2d is an ongoing, multicenter, randomized (1:1), double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, primary prevention clinical trial with two groups (oral 4,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 vs. placebo) among participants at risk for diabetes who are followed for incident diabetes. D2d is designed as an event-driven trial. The study met its enrollment goal in December 2016 and 98% of enrolled participants continue in D2d after a mean follow-up of 19 months. Adherence to study pills is very high (>92% of pills prescribed). The primary aim of the renewal grant is to continue follow- up of the D2d population (N=2,423) and complete the study according to the protocol, which has been approved by the DSMB and all participating IRBs, to answer the study?s primary question: does oral daily vitamin D3 supplementation lower risk of incident diabetes among U.S. adults at high risk for diabetes? Secondary Aims will assess: the heterogeneity of treatment effect of vitamin D supplementation on incident diabetes in subgroups defined by key baseline characteristics (e.g., blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration), effects on secondary outcomes (e.g., blood pressure), and the long-term safety and tolerability of 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3 supplementation. Finally, data from the D2d placebo group will define the natural history of pre- diabetes using the new American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria that include hemoglobin A1c. The need for a trial such as the D2d study has been recognized in multiple editorials and reviews, including the 2011 Institute of Medicine report on dietary reference intakes for vitamin D, which identified diabetes as one of the most promising non-skeletal outcomes with an urgent need for rigorously conducted trials to confirm the promising results seen in observational and mechanistic studies.

Public Health Relevance

Relevance of the project to public health: The D2d study addresses an important question and has the potential for significant impact in the clinically important area of type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention. If the trial confirms a favorable benefit/harm ratio of vitamin D supplementation in modifying diabetes risk, vitamin D would be integrated into contemporary strategies as an inexpensive and readily available preventive approach for the more than 86 million Americans at risk of type 2 diabetes and help to ameliorate the high personal and societal burden of the disease. D2d also represents a unique opportunity to examine the effect of vitamin D3 on non-diabetes outcomes (e.g., blood pressure, CVD risk) and inform on the long-term safety and tolerability of the dose of 4000 IU/day, which is the upper limit for toxicity by the Institute of Medicine. Finally, D2d will fill an important knowledge gap regarding the natural history of pre-diabetes using the new American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria that include Hemoglobin A1c.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project--Cooperative Agreements (U01)
Project #
2U01DK098245-06
Application #
9519104
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZDK1)
Program Officer
Malozowski, Saul N
Project Start
2013-06-01
Project End
2021-05-31
Budget Start
2018-06-25
Budget End
2019-05-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Tufts University
Department
Type
DUNS #
079532263
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
LeBlanc, Erin S; Pratley, Richard E; Dawson-Hughes, Bess et al. (2018) Baseline Characteristics of the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study: A Contemporary Prediabetes Cohort That Will Inform Diabetes Prevention Efforts. Diabetes Care 41:1590-1599
Lovegreen, Olivia; Riggs, Danielle; Staten, Myrlene A et al. (2018) Financial management of large, multi-center trials in a challenging funding milieu. Trials 19:267
Lewis, Michael R; Macauley, Robert C; Sheehan, Patricia R et al. (2017) Management of Hemoglobin Variants Detected Incidentally in HbA1c Testing: A Common Problem Currently Lacking a Standard Approach. Diabetes Care 40:e8-e9
Devchand, Roshni; Sheehan, Patricia; Gallivan, Joanne M et al. (2017) Assessment of a National Diabetes Education Program diabetes prevention toolkit: The D2d experience. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 29:514-520
Lewis, Michael R; Sheehan, Patricia R; Staten, Myrlene A et al. (2017) Response to Comment on Lewis et al. Management of Hemoglobin Variants Detected Incidentally in HbA1c Testing: A Common Problem Currently Lacking a Standard Approach. Diabetes Care 2017;40:e8-e9. Diabetes Care 40:e150-e151
Angellotti, Edith; Pittas, Anastassios G (2017) The Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: To D or Not to D? Endocrinology 158:2013-2021
Ceglia, Lisa; Nelson, Jason; Ware, James et al. (2017) Association between body weight and composition and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Eur J Nutr 56:161-170
Shahraz, Saeid; Pittas, Anastassios G; Saadati, Mojdeh et al. (2017) Change in Testing, Awareness of Hemoglobin A1c Result, and Glycemic Control in US Adults, 2007-2014. JAMA 318:1825-1827
Kancherla, Vijaya; Elliott Jr, John L; Patel, Birju B et al. (2017) Long-term Metformin Therapy and Monitoring for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Older Veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc 65:1061-1066
Alzaman, Naweed S; Dawson-Hughes, Bess; Nelson, Jason et al. (2016) Vitamin D status of black and white Americans and changes in vitamin D metabolites after varied doses of vitamin D supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 104:205-14

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