Integrase is encoded by the Pol gene from the HIV provirus and can be expressed as an active recombinant protein. Our laboratory has pioneered the integrase inhibitors research field (PNAS 1993), discovered several families of lead inhibitors (Nature Rev Drug Discovery 2005) and patented some with the aim of therapeutic development. Our current studies are focused on the discovery of novel chemotype integrase inhibitors. In the past year we have reported novel chemotypes derived from natural products: spiroundecane(ene)s, madurahydroxylactone and tropolone (beta-thujaplicinol) derivatives. We have also found other synthetic chemotypes affiliated with the diketo acid strand transfer inhibitors (phtalimide and quinolinonyl diketo acid derivatives) (collaborations with Dr. Terrence Burke, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, and with Dr. Roberto DiSanto, University of Rome, Italy, respectively). We have developed a panel of recombinant integrase proteins bearing the mutations observed in patients that develop resistance to raltegravir and elvitegravir. Our study, recently published in Biochemistry, showed that the integrase mutations that confer drug resistance are associated with decrease catalytic activity. Those same mutants are now available to test our novel inhibitors. One of our aims is to discover among the novel chemotypes those that will overcome raltegravir resistance. We have also compared for the first time side to side raltegravir and elvitegravir and shown that both drugs are highly selective for the strand transfer reaction, while being more than 100-fold less potent against the 3-processing reaction, and almost inactive against the disintegration reaction mediated by integrase. The selectivity of raltegravir and elvitegravir against strand transfer (one of the 3 reactions mediated by integrase) demonstrates the very high specificity of the clinically developed strand transfer inhibitors. It is consistent with our pharmacological hypothesis (TIPS 2005) that the strand transfer inhibitors trap the integrase-viral DNA complex by chelating the divalent metals in the enzyme catalytic site following 3-processing of the viral DNA. To further investigate the site of action of integrase inhibitors, we have developed novel integrase-DNA crosslinking assays using modified DNA substrates and mutant enzymes to determine the drug binding sites (collaboration with Craig Verdine, Harvard University). Those new assays published in Molecular Pharmacology and the Journal of Biological Chemistry will enable us to probe drug binding site(s) in the integrase-DNA complexes.
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