The purpose of the project is to find out how microbial molecules, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, induce the accumulation of triglycerides (i.e., fat droplets) in macrophages. This process is important for the pathogenesis of the foamy macrophages that are found at sites of infection (especially within granulomas) and in arterial walls (where macrophages contribute substantially to atherosclerosis). In FY 2014 we showed that Toll-like receptor agonists (i.e. bacterial molecules such as lipopolysaccharides) induce cultured macrophages to retain triglyceride in lipid droplets. We defined the 3 molecular mechanisms that participate in this phenomenon. We further showed that an important contributor, previously unexpected, is the pH of the culture medium. By inducing cells to secrete acids that lower the medium pH, both TLR agonists and low oxygen tension promote triglyceride storage and decrease cell metabolism in general. These changes are very similar to those reported in the tissues of organs affected by severe sepsis, and we hope to study this possible connection in more detail.

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6
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2016
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Lu, Mingfang; Munford, Robert (2016) LPS stimulates IgM production in vivo without help from non-B cells. Innate Immun 22:307-15
Munford, Robert S (2016) Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake? J Leukoc Biol 100:687-698
Huang, Ying-ling; Morales-Rosado, Joel; Ray, Jessica et al. (2014) Toll-like receptor agonists promote prolonged triglyceride storage in macrophages. J Biol Chem 289:3001-12
Bachovchin, Daniel A; Koblan, Luke W; Wu, Wengen et al. (2014) A high-throughput, multiplexed assay for superfamily-wide profiling of enzyme activity. Nat Chem Biol 10:656-63
Lu, Mingfang; Kho, Terry; Munford, Robert S (2014) Prolonged triglyceride storage in macrophages: pHo trumps pO2 and TLR4. J Immunol 193:1392-7
Lu, Mingfang; Varley, Alan W; Munford, Robert S (2013) Persistently active microbial molecules prolong innate immune tolerance in vivo. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003339
Shao, Baomei; Munford, Robert S; Kitchens, Richard et al. (2012) Hepatic uptake and deacylation of the LPS in bloodborne LPS-lipoprotein complexes. Innate Immun 18:825-33
Suffredini, Anthony F; Munford, Robert S (2011) Novel therapies for septic shock over the past 4 decades. JAMA 306:194-9
Shao, Baomei; Kitchens, Richard L; Munford, Robert S et al. (2011) Prolonged hepatomegaly in mice that cannot inactivate bacterial endotoxin. Hepatology 54:1051-62
Lu, Mingfang; Munford, Robert S (2011) The transport and inactivation kinetics of bacterial lipopolysaccharide influence its immunological potency in vivo. J Immunol 187:3314-20